Predatory Economics

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This is not my usual topic, but the two videos posted below are worth hearing in order to be exposed to the thought of Michael Hudson, an economist.  The interviewer is Presbyterian minister and journalist Chris Hedges, a member of the Green Party. 

Michael Hudson is seen as coming from a Marxist critique of financial structures, and Chris Hedges is regarded as a writer and interviewer of the political Left in the USA.  If you are a traditional Catholic or a traditional Christian, you may wonder why on earth I would recommend listening to these videos.  

My purpose in posting these is that Michael Hudson points out problems with the crony capitalism of the USA that many of us would miss.  We may disagree with some of his ultimate conclusions or ideas, but the mining and presentation of information will only enhance one's grasp of some of the problems and issues that must be addressed in order to deal with a political reality that is content to allow Goldman-Sachs and the like to feast on the dying carcass of the middle class in the USA.

Video Part One: How We Got Junk Economics




Video Part Two: Junk Economics and the Future

My posting of these videos is simply to break out of the usual echo box in which we tend to hear the same ideas repeated around us as if they were some sort of economic or political gospel.  Michael Hudson is the sort of thinker who makes Clintonian Democrats and establishment Republicans very nervous, and it is very likely you have never heard of him.

Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Bondage Destroy the Global Economy is Michael Hudson's most recent important book. Of all of my many friends across the USA who work in all sorts of fields of enterprise and learning, not one has read the book, and none knew who Michael Hudson was. This post is a very simple response to that lack of familiarity with an important thinker in order to try to broaden horizons and perspectives on the catastrophic economic situation in the USA and the West. The book is very sobering reading.

A forgotten hymn for St. Michael & All Angels

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1. Holy Michael, great Archangel,

Nerve thine arm and bare thy sword,

Lead us with thy dazzling legions,

In the battle for the Lord:

Sure defence and trusty safeguard,

Let thy mighty strength afford.

2. Not with flesh and blood we wrestle,

Not as man with man contend,

But against the powers of darkness,

Who on craft and lies depend:

Treachery and shame and violence,

All the cause of Hell befriend.

3. Through God’s threefold fair creation,

Through the earth, the sea, the sky,

Wander Satan’s loathly spirits,

Luring souls of men to die:

Cast them down, O Prince of Angels,

By the power of God Most High.

4. All who pouring out their life blood,

More than conquer in the fight,

All who in th’ unequal combat,

Fall beneath the oppressor’s might:

Christ the King’s great Standard-Bearer,

Lead into the Holy Light!

The English Catholic Hymn Book
W. Knott  & Sons, 1955
Revised and Augmented ed.
Tune: Regent Square

Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle.

Saint Michael and All Angels

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I pray, dear Reader, for those celebrating the Feast of St. Michael and All Angels and those celebrating the Feast of St. Michael, St. Gabriel, and St. Raphael the Archangels that God the Most Highest would extend over all of us His perfect, full, and divine blessing of peace through the ministry of His Holy Angels for the sake of Jesus Christ, Our Living Lord and Saviour. Amen.

Let us pray.

O Everlasting God, who hast ordained and constituted the ministries of angels and mortals in a wonderful order: Mercifully grant that, as Thy holy angels always serve and worship Thee in heaven, so by Thine appointment they may succour and defend us on earth; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with Thee and the Holy Ghost, one God, world without end. Amen.

HYMN - CHRIST THE FAIR GLORY OF THE HOLY ANGELS
The Choir of Men and Boys, St. Thomas Episcopal, New York City

Gerre Hancock, Director of Music

Holy Michael Archangel, defend us in the day of battle; Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil. May God rebuke him we humbly pray, and do thou, Prince of the Heavenly Host, by the Power of God, thrust down to hell Satan and all wicked spirits who wander through the world for the ruin of souls. Amen.

From an early Anglican Communion Office (Mexico)

In the post below we have the conclusion from an early Communion Office fashioned for Anglicans in Mexico.  It is robustly Anglican in that it is rooted in the Latin West but fearlessly embraces liturgical truth and beauty coming from Byzantine and Mozarabic sources.  The idea of a de-Byzantinised Anglican Patrimony is sheer nonsense and a completely artificial construct.  The following is an English translation from the original Spanish text:

Then shall the People, devoutly kneeling, say, with the Presbyter, the Lord's Prayer:

OUR Father, Who art in Heaven, Hallowed be thy Name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, As it is in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil. Amen.

For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 

Then shall the Presbyter say:

DELIVERED from evil, and ever established in what is good, may we have grace to serve Thee acceptably, O Lord, our God. Put an end, O Lord, to our sins. Give joy to the troubled, and health to the sick. Give peace and quietness in our time. Restrain those who would do us harm, and turn them to a better mind. And hear, O Lord, the supplications of us Thy servants, and of all faithful' Christians, both now and ever; through Jesus Christ, Thy Son, our Lord, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God, world without end. Amen.

Then shall the Presbyter say:

Holy things for holy persons.

And the People shall answer:

One only is holy, the Lord Jesus Christ, Who is, with the Holy Ghost, Most High in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

Then shall the Presbyter, kneeling down at the Lord's Table, say, in the name of all those who shall receive the Holy Communion, this Prayer following :

O HOLY Lord, our God, Who hast said, Be ye holy for I am Holy; We come to this, Thy Table, in humbleness of spirit, trembling because of our sinfulness, but trusting in Thy manifold and great mercies. We hide not our sins from Thee; Heal us through the merits of the one sacrifice. Grant us, O Gracious Lord, our God, so to receive this holy Sacrament that, eating the Flesh of Thy dear Son, Jesus Christ, and drinking His Blood, we may receive remission of all our sins, be filled with Thy Holy Spirit, and, in the world to come, attain the crown or everlasting life. Amen.

Then shall be sung or said the following, taken from Psalm xxxiv.

O TASTE AND SEE.

O TASTE and see how gracious the Lord is: blessed is the man that trusteth in Him. I will alway give thanks unto the Lord: His praise shall ever be in my mouth.

The Lord delivereth the souls of His servants: and all they that put their trust in Him shall not be desolate.

Alleluia, Alleluia, Alleluia.

Glory and honor be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, world without end. Amen.

Then shall the Presbyter first receive the Holy Communion in both kinds himself, and proceed to deliver the same to the Bishops, Priests, and Deacons (if any be present) in like manner, and after that to the People also, in order, all devoutly kneeling.

And when he delivereth the Host. he shall say:

THE Body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on Him in thy heart by faith, with thanksgiving.

And the Minister who delivereth the cup shall say:

THE Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in remembrance that Christ's blood was shed for thee, and be thankful.

Then shall the Presbyter say, the People all kneeling:

WE thank Thee, O God, the Father Almighty, that Thou hast deigned to feed us, who have duly received these Holy Mysteries, with the spiritual food of the Body and Blood of Thy Son, our Saviour, Jesus Christ; Grant that this may be to the healing of our souls unto life eternal; through the same, Thy Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.

And this:

O LORD our God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, make us ever to seek and to love Thee, and may we have grace, through this Holy Sacrament which we have received, never more to draw back from Thee, but ever to do those things that are pleasing in Thy sight; for Thou art God, and beside Thee there is none else, world without end. Amen.

Then may be sung Nunc Dimittis, or other suitable Hymn.

Then shall the Presbyter (The Bishop if he be present) let them depart with this Blessing:

THAT peace which our Lord Jesus Christ, when He ascended up on high, left to His disciples, be ever with you in all its fullness;

And the blessing of God Almighty, + the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, descend upon you, and remain with you, always. Amen.

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Prayers from The Saint Ambrose Prayer Book

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GOD, who resistest the proud, and givest grace to the humble: grant us the virtue of true humility, whereof Thine Only-begotten showed in Himself a pattern for Thy faithful; that we may never by our pride provoke Thine anger, but rather by our meekness receive the riches of Thy grace. Amen.

O GOD, who rejectest none that come unto Thee, but in loving-kindness art appeased even with the greatest sinners who repent: mercifully regard our prayers in our humiliation, and enlighten our hearts that we may be able to fulfil Thy commandments. Amen.

O GOD, who justifiest the ungodly, and willest not the death of a sinner: we humbly entreat Thy Majesty to protect Thy servants, who trust in Thy mercy, with Thy heavenly assistance, and preserve them by Thy continual protection; that they may constantly serve Thee, and by no temptation be separated from Thee. Amen.

ALMIGHTY and most Merciful God, who didst cause a fount of living water to spring out of a rock for Thy people in their thirst: draw forth tears of compunction from our stony hearts; that we may weep over our sins, and by Thy mercy deserve to obtain pardon for the same. Amen.

SAINT Joseph, defender and father of Virgins, unto whose faithful guardianship were committed Christ Jesus, very Innocence, and Mary, Virgin of virgins: I pray and beseech thee by Jesus and Mary, thy dearly beloved charge, that thou wouldst preserve me from all uncleanness; and make me with undefiled mind, and in purity of heart and boy, ever to serve Jesus and Mary in perfect chastity. Amen.

from The Saint Ambrose Prayer Book

The Very Revd Father John G. Winfrey, editor

Lancelot Andrewes Press

First Edition, 2008

Fr Faber: HAIL JESUS HAIL !

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HAIL, Jesus, hail! who for my sake

Sweet blood from Mary's veins didst take

And shed it all for me:

Oh, blessèd be my Saviour's blood,

My light, my life, my only good,

To all eternity.

To endless ages let us praise

The precious blood, whose price could raise

The world from wrath and sin:

Whose streams our inward thirst appease

And heal the sinner's worst disease,

If he but bathe therein.

Oh, sweetest blood, that can implore 

Pardon of God, and heaven restore,

The heaven which sin had lost;

While Abel's blood for vengeance pleads,

What Jesus shed still intercedes

For those who wrong him most.

Oh, to be sprinkled from the wells

Of Christ's own sacred blood, excels

Earth's best and highest bliss;

The ministers of wrath divine

Hurt not the happy hearts that shine

With those red drops of his.

Ah, there is joy amid the saints,

And hell's despairing courage faints

When this sweet song we raise:

Oh, louder then, and louder still,

Earth with one mighty chorus fill,

The precious blood to praise. 

18TH CENT.  
TR. F.W. FABER, 1814-62

THE WESTMINSTER HYMNAL 
No. 95 

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A Thanksgiving to Jesus [Anglican Patrimony]

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To JESUS the life of our flesh,
Who quickeneth whom He willeth :

To JESUS the life of our soul,
Who came that we might live more abundantly:

To JESUS the life of His Church,
Who loved her and gave Himself for her :

Let all mankind in earth and in paradise,
Reconciled by His death, and saved by His life,
Give glory and honour, worship and praise,
Now and for ever and ever.

from Sursum Corda
A Handbook of Intercession and Thanksgiving
W.H. Frere and A.L. Illington

Adam: So Completely Does Jesus Disclose Himself

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Karl Adam writes:

Sacred Heart Chapel
Our Lady of the Atonement, San Antonio

For so completely does Jesus disclose Himself to His disciples, so profound is the action of His grace, that He gives Himself to them and enters into them as a personal source of grace. 

Jesus shares with His disciples His most intimate possession, the most precious thing that He has, His own self, His personality as the God-man. We eat His Flesh and drink His Blood. 

So greatly does Jesus love His community, that He permeates it, not merely with His blessing and His might, but with his real Self, God and Man; He enters into a real union of flesh and blood with it, and binds it to His being even as the branch is bound to the vine. We are not left orphans in this world. 

Under the forms of bread and wine the Master lives amid His disciples, the Bridegroom with His bride, the Lord in the midst of His community, until that day when He shall return in visible majesty on the clouds of heaven. 

The Sacrament of the Altar is the strongest, profoundest, most intimate memorial of the Lord, until He come again. And therefore we can never forget Jesus, though centuries and millennia pass, and though nations and civilizations are ever perishing and rising anew. 

And therefore there is no heart in the world, not even the heart of father or mother, that is so loved by millions and millions, so truly and loyally, so practically and devotedly, as is the Heart of Jesus.

Karl Adam

The Spirit of Catholicism

an excerpt from Chapter II: Christ in the Church

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A Pleading of the Passion of Christ

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The following Litany is an example of the extraordinary treasury of Anglican litanies and prayers that are almost entirely forgotten or unused.  I hope, dear Reader, that you may find this a worthy devotion to use ...especially on Fridays... in order to draw nearer to Our Lord Jesus Christ.

ORD, have mercy upon us.
...........Christ, have mercy upon us.
........................LORD, have mercy upon us.


OUR FATHER . . .

O Saviour of the world, who by the Cross and Precious Blood hast redeemed us ;

Save us and help us, we humbly beseech thee, O Lord.

JESUS, who to thine awed disciples didst foreshow thy body broken, and thy blood shed ;

Have mercy upon us.

JESUS, who in an agony of prayer, didst take the cup of pain ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, betrayed by a kiss ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, forsaken by thy friends ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, denied by Peter ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, who bound before Caiaphas,

didst confess thyself the Son of God ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, blindfolded, struck, and spat upon ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus,

who while thine enemies were instant

with loud voices before the governor,

wast silent ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, whom Herod mocked and arrayed in a gorgeous robe ;

Have mercy upon us

Jesus, crowned with thorns ;

Have mercy upon us

Jesus, brought forth that all might behold their king ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, acclaimed by the people, "Crucify him crucify" ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, rejected for Barabbas ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, condemned to death ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, scourged ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, who wast led forth in shame along the way of sorrow ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, falling beneath the Cross ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, who amid uproar and weeping didst come to Calvary ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, stripped naked before men ;

Have mercy upon us.

Jesus, laid on the cross ;

Have mercy upon us.

By the nails through hands and feet ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy parched lips ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy ears filled with ribaldry and scorn ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By the forgiveness of thy foes ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy promise to the penitenet ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy love to thy beloved ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy broken heart ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy soul all desolate ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy spirit rendered to the Father ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

By thy death ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

From all evil and mischief; from sin, from the crafts and assaults of the devil; from thy wrath, and from everlasting damnation ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

From all blindness of heart; from pride, vain-glory, and hypocrisy; from envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

From fornication, and all other deadly sin; and from all the deceits of the world, the flesh, and the devil ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

From all dread of thy service, and distrust of thy love; from enmity to thy cross and scorn of thy passion ;

Good Lord, deliver us.

Let us confess our sins, saying together :

We confess to God Almighty, 

the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, 

before the whole company of heaven, 

that we have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed, 

through our fault, our own fault, our own most grievous fault; 

wherefore we pray God to have mercy upon us. 

May God Almighty have mercy upon us, 

forgive us our sins, 

and bring us to everlasting life. Amen.

Almighty God have mercy upon you, and forgive you all your sins, deliver you from all evil, confirm and strengthen you in all goodness, and bring you to everlasting life. Amen.

The Almighty and merciful Lord grant unto you pardon, absolution, and remission of all your sins, time for true repentance, and the grace and comfort of the Holy Spirit. Amen.


Now unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood and hath made us kings, and priests unto God and his Father, to him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.

Cambridge Offices and Orisons
E. Milner-White, B.T.D. Smith

Prayers for the Souls of the Faithful (Anglican Patrimony)

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ALMIGHTY, eternal God, to Whom there is never any prayer made without hope of mercy, be merciful to the souls of Thy servants departed from this world in the confession of Thy name, that they may be associate to the company of Thy saints; through JESUS Christ our Lord. Amen.

WE COMMEND unto Thee, O Lord, the souls of Thy servants and handmaidens ( . . . ), and of all the faithful departed, that being dead to this world they may live to Thee : and whatsoever sins they have contracted through the frailty of their conversation in this world do Thou through the forgiveness of Thy most merciful pity wipe away.

QUICKEN, O LORD, our departed in Thy compassion, and set them at Thy right hand. Clothe them with excellent glory in Thy kingdom, and join them to the just and righteous who fulfil Thy will in Jerusalem which is above : O LORD of our death and of our life, FATHER, SON, and HOLY GHOST for ever. Amen.

from Sursum Corda
A Handbook of Intercession and Thanksgiving
W.H. Frere and A.L. Illington

Pope Leo XIII's Prayer for the Sacred Heart Consecration

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The Blessed Maria of the Divine Heart Droste zu Vischering wrote two letters to Pope Leo XIII after receiving divine visions of the Lord Jesus. In her letters Blessed Maria of the Divine Heart entreated the Pope to consecrate the created world to the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus.  

The Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart was composed by Pope Leo XIII himself and was included in the 1899 encyclical Annum Sacrum — issued by Pope Leo XIII for the purpose of consecrating the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.  

As you will see below, the prayer is relevant for our very day, and I encourage you to pray it and share it with others: 

        Most sweet Jesus, Redeemer of the human race, look down upon us humbly prostrate before Thine altar. We are Thine, and Thine we wish to be; but, to be more surely united with Thee, behold each one of us freely consecrates himself today to Thy most Sacred Heart. 

        Many indeed have never known Thee; many too, despising Thy precepts, have rejected Thee. Have mercy on them all, most merciful Jesus, and draw them to Thy sacred Heart. Be Thou King, O Lord, not only of the faithful who have never forsaken Thee, but also of the prodigal children who have abandoned Thee; grant that they may quickly return to Thy Father's house lest they die of wretchedness and hunger. 

        Be Thou King of those who are deceived by erroneous opinions, or whom discord keeps aloof, and call them back to the harbour of truth and unity of faith, so that there may be but one flock and one Shepherd. 

        Be Thou King of all those who are still involved in the darkness of idolatry or of Islamism, and refuse not to draw them into the light and kingdom of God. Turn Thine eyes of mercy towards the children of the race, once Thy chosen people: of old they called down upon themselves the Blood of the Saviour; may it now descend upon them a laver of redemption and of life. 

        Grant, O Lord, to Thy Church assurance of freedom and immunity from harm; give peace and order to all nations, and make the earth resound from pole to pole with one cry: "Praise be to the divine Heart that wrought our salvation; to it be glory and honor for ever." Amen.

Blessed Maria of the Divine Heart with the children
of the orphanage at the Good Shepherd Sisters'Convent
 in Oporto, Portugal

Nuptial Prayers (Anglican Sources)

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        O GOD of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, bless these thy servants, and sow the seed of eternal life in their minds, souls, and bodies, that whatsoever in thy Holy Word they shall profitably learn: they may indeed fulfill the same. Look mercifully upon them from heaven, O Lord, and bless them: And as thou didst send thine Archangel Raphael to Tobit and Sara, the daughter of Raguel, to their great aid and comfort; so vouchsafe to send thy blessing upon these thy servants, that obeying thy will and alway dwelling in safety under thy protection, they may be compassed about by thy Heavenly Host and abide in thy love unto their lives’ end : through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

A form not used,  found in a Bishop's notes 

for the U.S. 1928 Book of Common Prayer; 

being substantially that from 
The First Book of Common Prayer, 1549

        MOST merciful God, our Maker and our Judge, thou hast consecrated the holy covenant of Marriage, that wonderful and sacred Mystery, that in it is manifested the spiritual marriage and unity betwixt Christ and his Church: Look in thine abundant charity upon thy servant and handmaiden that N may love his wife as Christ loved his Bride the Church and that N may love her husband as the Church is called to love her Lord. Bless them both that they may inherit thine endless kingdom; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

Put into traditional Prayer Book English, 

this prayer comes from An Anglican Prayer Book, 1989 

of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa

        MOST gracious God, we give thee thanks for thy tender love in sending Jesus Christ to come among us, to be born of a human mother, and to make the way of the cross to be the way of life. We thank thee, also, for consecrating the union of man and woman in his Name. By the power of thy Holy Spirit, pour out the abundance of thy blessing upon this man and this woman. Defend them from every enemy. Lead them into all peace. Let their love for each other be a seal upon their hearts, a mantle about their shoulders, and a crown upon their foreheads. Bless them in their work and in their companionship; in their sleeping and in their waking; in their joys and in their sorrows; in their life and in their death. Finally, in thy mercy, bring them to that Table where thy saints feast for ever in thine heavenly home; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost liveth and reigneth, one God, world without end. Amen.

from The Book of Common Prayer 1979 (USA)
put into the language of Rite One

Then shall the Priest say  LET US PRAY. 

        O GOD who by thy mighty power didst create from nought all things, and didst appoint that out of man, whom thou didst make to thine own image, woman should complete thy work of Creation: look mercifully upon these thy servants, this man and this woman, who now enter into the Holy Estate of Matrimony; knit them together with thee as one, and so vouchsafe to bless them that they obeying thy will may abide in thy love and live in perfect love and peace together unto the end of their lives, which finished grant them, O God, to inherit everlasting life, and that through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. 

Then let the 128 psalm be sung, and that done, the Priest shall commend them to God in this sort.

        THE LORD sanctify and bless you, the Lord pour the riches of his grace upon you, that ye may please him, and live together in holy love unto your lives end. Amen.

from notes of a Scottish Episcopalian bishop 
in the reign of King James VI of Scotland

A Happy Memory of an Evensong Past

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Once upon a time I attended a most uplifting Evensong using the 1928 U.S. rite where, after the Psalms were sung in Anglican chant, the Gloria Patri was not sung.  No, using the permissive rubric of that Prayer Book, the choir and congregation sang Gloria in excelsis Deo to Sarum plainsong, and during the chanting the Altar was censed as the congregation lit candles one from another, candles which they had been given prior to the service.

The somewhat dark old church with poor lighting became ablaze with light.  A little child, a boy of perhaps three or four in his father's arms, looking all around the Church at the brilliant gleaming candlelight called out in joyful voice "Light of Christ! Light of Christ!  Light of Christ!" and the congregation in one of those rare spontaneous moments of angelic unity called out in resounding reply "Thanks be to God".

St Isaac the Syrian: The Compassionate Heart

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Via the Reverend Canon A.M. Allchin of + Memory Eternal +


Saint Isaac the Syrian writes:

    An elder was once asked 'What is a compassionate heart?'

    He replied, 'It is a heart on fire for the whole of creation, for humanity, for the birds, for the animals, for demons and for all that exists.

    'At the recollection and at the sight of them such a person's eyes overflow with tears owing to the vehemence of the compassion which grips his heart; as a result of his deep mercy, his heart shrinks and cannot bear to hear or look on any injury or the slightest suffering of anything in creation.

    'This is why he constantly offers up prayer full of tears, even for the irrational animals and for the enemies of truth, even for those who harm him, so that they may be protected and find mercy. He even prays for the reptiles as a result of the great compassion which is poured out without measure - after the likeness of God - in his heart. '

The heart of compassion: 

daily readings with St Isaac of Syria 

A.M. Allchin

(London 1989), page 9

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